Development Economics Final Exam Free Essays

Thus follows a theory of production from the middle age, wherein production is understood as an increase of matter, which is only achievable through agriculture and the delivery of raw materials. Land as a homogeneous factor is rooted on the following concepts: Land as having a perfectly elastic supply thus land is always readily available and does not decrease Land is not productive on Its own therefore land must be used as a means of production; and the only way to increase land Is through agriculture or raw material resources such as mining. The reason that the assumption of land as a homogeneous factor of production Is no longer tenable is that, in recent years, land has been given a wider definition, thus t is not only limited to areas which are useful for agriculture or mining, but also above and beyond the actual land that can be seen such as forests, bodies of water, mineral resources, recreational areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Development Economics Final Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Land is given multiple demands which are not limited to agriculture and mining alone. Today, in contrast to classical economics, land is used for building, as capital for production of goods and services, for recreational purposes, etc. Attached to the idea of multiplicity is the concept of value. Such an understanding allows one to realize that besides land being natural, it is also location-specific and dependable. Value Is classified Into: Non-use value refers to the benefit humanity receives from the continued existence of environmental assets and does not need to be experienced. This Is further classified Into either (1 ) option value, wherein the asset can be taken advantage of at a future time or (2) quasi- option value, wherein asset can be kept for future use, thereby making the valuation difficult to estimate. On the other hand, the use-value is also classified into non- extractive or extractive. (1) Non-extractive covers the services that an environmental set provides without the need to extract goods or harvest anything from them. Monetary gain is not immediate and requires planning, research and creativity to translate this value into something profitable as a livelihood, which is often realized in the long-run. (2) Extractive use or consumption use value refers to the use of goods that can be extracted directly from locality. This Is the most common type of business valuation. Excessive extraction such as In milling and forestry, however, can deplete the asset. Compared to non-extractive use, monetary gains of extractive use are quick and certain. Non-extractive can be further delved Into (1) recreational, which refers to the leisure services which the sites directly provide such as snorkeling, skiing, experience of natural sites such as the case with parks, zoos, mountains, etc. In conclusion, land, as a factor of production is important in the process of economic development since the process involves the increasing utilization of natural resources. A modern sector follows a circular flow of production, which involves a greater intensity in the use of natural resources. Thus, a single increase in production could mean a significant increase in the use of natural resources. The challenge therefore is to have sustainable utilization of dependable resources. A solution is to minimize use of dependable resources. Another is to market certain resources in order to protect them. In any case, such action must be taken in order to ensure proper utilization of land. . What is the low-level equilibrium trap? To what extent is population a problem insofar as long-term economic development is concerned? The low level equilibrium trap is based on Richard Nelson’s theory, which explains the relationship between population growth and income growth. As income per pita remains below critical level, then a population growth rate that exceeds that certain income growth rate will always bring the economy back to a low level equilibrium trap. . What is peasant rationality? How can one Justify subsistence production as rational economic behavior 4. How to cite Development Economics Final Exam, Papers

Understanding and Managing Diversity Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Understanding and Managing Diversity. Answer: Introduction Australian football League is considered as one of the strange paradox among the other football leagues in the globe. This is because of their ability to bridging the gap between cultural and ethnic barriers. The organization has always focused in bringing communities together. The team has recently realized that it has players from about 20 nationalities all over the world playing for them and they will continue such diversity even in future. This has made Australian Football League different from other football leagues in the world (humanrights, 2017). The paper discusses about the type of diversity the company maintains within its team and with other connected members. It further analyses thediversity management strategies that the company has followed and further improvement required in the strategies. Identification of Diversity Australian Football League is one of the responsible sports bodies that maintain the rules of football in Australia. The league has been operating in the country as one of the non-profit organization as it distributes its profits to its constituent clubs in Australia. The league has gained its fame due to a different approach that it has followed. The unique approach of the team towards sports is maintaining diversity within them. Diversity that has been maintained within the team and outside with its partners is religion and gender diversity (Vilification Framework, 2017). The organization has a strong belief in religion equality and thus includes players from various religion backgrounds. All the players in the team are respected for the effort they are giving, whether they are juniors or seniors. AFL also maintains strong rules for people carrying out racial discrimination within the team. AFL also maintains gender equality within its team by including both men and women in the team. As football is a game that has been solely considered as a men game from the day it has begun, AFL has tried to change the mindset by including women players in football. The football team that the league has formed is known as the AFL womens national league (Adelaidenow, 2017). Managing Diversity Managing cultural and religion diversity within the team is not an easy task as it involves a lot of controversies and issues within the team members and game lovers in that country. However, AFL has introduced a vilification framework under which it has stated zero tolerance level for any kind of disagreement within the team for religion or culture (Vilification Framework, 2017). It has clearly stated that the team has to welcome and form an inclusive environment for all players and members of the Australian Football. Such cultural diversity was necessary within the team as Australian has people from almost 270 ancestries. Rule 30 stating the discrimination between racial and religion vilification among the AFL players was introduced. The rule stated intolerance for racial and religious discrimination. Anotherdiversity management that the league has carried out is for gender inequality. AFL has started including women in football, which was previously considered as a men game. The league believes that women should remain parallel with men in everything, be it game or any other activities. Thus, Australian football started women football league in which women can actively show their skills in the game. Since the day the women football league has started, it was seen that women were able to achieve senior umpiring ranks even in the men AFL games (Adelaidenow, 2017). This has made football league of Australia a game for everyone. Such an effort made by AFL has helped in reducing the level of violence towards women and children. The Vilification Framework introduced by AFL also aimed at reducing gender inequality in the game. To reduce gender inequality, the organization has also increased the inclusion of women in men AFL a coach. This has helped altering the thinking among the player s that a women cannot play a game that has been designed solely for men (Vilification Framework, 2017). There were various incidents on racial discrimination in AFL in which people from other racial backgrounds are taunted and abused. The situation got wore day by day. However, the organization has been able to take steps for the concern in 2011. Strong actions were taken against people that conduct such discrimination. In 2011, Justine Sherman was banned from many games just because he racially vilifies other players. Such racial discrimination incidents also led to resignation of AFLs national community manager (Humanrights.gov.au, 2017). Some incidents of sexual harassment have also taken place in AFL in which the organization has taken active steps. In has made a video and has issued it to all AFL members in order to educate them about correct attitude towards opposite sex (Humanrights.gov.au, 2017). Recommendation Even though Australian Football League has taken various steps in including gender and cultural diversity in their team as well as the game, there are certain steps that the organization can take to implement it in a better way or expand it further. This will help the league not only include diversity within its organization; it will also allow them to spread such motive to other teams involved in football game. Moreover, they can ease out their processes, which will help them intake people from diverse culture and gender, instead of implementing policies later. AFL should design an intake process for the team, which will enable them to successfully recruit people from different culture and increase the number of women in the game. In the recruitment process, the organization can include agencies and explain them their policies so that they recruit people accordingly. For reducing racial discrimination cases, the organization should formulate a policy in which it should try to include players from various racial backgrounds and conduct activities in which everybody in the team can take part. Moreover, penalties should b set for people keeping such mindset about any other communities. Further, while recruiting players the organization should make sure that they clearly explain the company policies to them so that they do not create any cultural issues in future. The players should be explained clearly that the company has zero tolerance for diversity. This will help them effectively deal with any issues coming from the cultural ground. For women players the organization should arrange more games for women compared to men and should include games in which both men and women can play together. This will help the team to maintain true gender equality between men and women by keeping them on a same platform. References Adelaidenow.com.au. (2017).It is everyones game male and female. Retrieved 27 November 2017, from https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/afl/expert-opinion/michelangelo-rucci/sexism-has-turned-from-men-to-women-in-australian-football/news-story/4e60ad61ea47b1474aa9c0eb003ab0f8 Coulter, T. J., Mallett, C. J., Singer, J. A. (2016). A subculture of mental toughness in an Australian Football League club.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,22, 98-113. humanrights.. (2017). Australian rules football: Australian Football League. Retrieved 27 November 2017, from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/racial_discrimination/whats_the_score/pdf/afl.pdf Humanrights.gov.au. (2017). AFL stands up against racism | Australian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 28 November 2017, from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/stories/afl-stands-against-racism Vilification Framework. (2017).afl.com.au. Retrieved 27 November 2017, from https://s.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/Respect%20and%20Responsibility/AFL_Vilification_Policy.pdf Williams, W. (2017).AFL Womens League Kicking Goals for Gender Equality.probonoaustralia. Retrieved 27 November 2017, from https://probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2017/02/afl-womens-league-kicking-goals-gender-equality/

Amy Foster & The Mythology Of Love Essays - Amy Foster, Amy Pond

Amy Foster & The Mythology of Love In "Amy Foster", Joseph Conrad has written a great story that shows the different types of love felt between Amy and Yanko as described by Joseph Campbell in his essay on "The Mythology of Love". The relationship of Yanko and Amy is dynamic and changes as the story progresses. At first, Amy feels compassion for Yanko; she does not see the differences between him and the English people as the others of Brenzett do. However, later in the story, compassion turns to passion. Amy's son is then born; distinctions appear and she is either no longer able to love Yanko or she loves Yanko to such an extent that she finds she is incapable of joining Yanko on an earthly plane as Joseph Campbell describes (page 159). Whatever the reasons may be, Amy refuses to aid Yanko in his time of need, resulting in Yanko's death. There is a great change of heart from Amy's first compassion for Yanko to her nonchalance of his death. However, the results may have only been a product of the different levels of love felt by Amy for Yanko. The general population of Brenzett treats Yanko an escaped lunatic when he is first spotted in the seaside town. He is whipped, stoned and beaten by many of the residents. In addition, he was captured and caged like a wild animal. He is described as a "drunk", "tramp", and "creature". He is very different from the usual Englishman and is treated as such. He is segregated and is forced to work for Mr. Swaffer. However, one person sees through the differences. Amy, perhaps because of her stupidity or an ability to feel for Yanko, does not see a wild foreigner that screams at night and dances strangely. She saw only the similarities, the oneness of two human beings, and not the separateness. This is the basis of compassion, as Campbell shows. Thus, Amy is able to be "selfless, boundless, without ego". This compassion shown for Yanko expresses the affection felt by Amy for the foreigner and is received by him as love. The love is returned by Yanko in his actions, when he buys Amy a green ribbon and eventually proposes marriage. This is one of the levels of love described by Joseph Campbell, compassion. It transcends differences and differences. The nature of the relationship changes after the two marry. It degrades from a "higher, spiritual order of love" to an "animal passion". It is no longer a oneness for which Amy loves Yanko. Rather, it is the sex drive, the physical want of a male for a female and vice versa. This type of relationship, as Campbell states, still "transcends differences and even loyalties". Conrad writes, "Her infatuation endured. People saw her going out to meet him in the evening. She stared with unblinking, fascinated eyes up the road where he was expected to appear..." This clearly shows that Amy no longer feels compassion; instead, she feels passion for Yanko. Socially, it is more powerful to feel passion rather than compassion. However, Campbell asserts that compassion reveals a deeper understanding of oneness and connection rather than a lower form of love such as passion, the mere sexual longing for a member of the opposite sex. Therefore, what may seem to be a development of greater love for one another may in essence be the degradation of true love. Soon after, the passion evolves yet again. There is some ambiguity to what type of love it has been transformed into; there are two possibilities because of which Amy refuses to help Yanko. It could be that Amy's love for Yanko has developed into the third love described by Joseph Campbell, a love for one specific person. "For let us note well (and here is the high point of Mann's thinking on the subject): what is lovable about any human being is precisely his imperfections," says Campbell (page 167). Amy begins to love Yanko for the individual that he is, not the person that is connected to her or the member of the opposite sex. Amy sees how he sings to their new son in a strange language, he teaches the boy how to pray; she sees

Reflective Commentary on Group Presentation Task Work Essays

Reflective Commentary on Group Presentation Task Work Essays Reflective Commentary on Group Presentation Task Work Paper Reflective Commentary on Group Presentation Task Work Paper Essay Topic: Reflective This is a report in which our group uses reflection as a process to analyse the experiences and all the group incidents which occurred during our group assignments will be analysed in other to highlight how these experiences, whether positive or negative affected the groups learning outcome or output. Reflection can be defined as a way reviewing an experience of practice so as to describe, analyse, evaluate and as such learn about the practice Reid(1993). From the above definition it can be said that reflection is the process that enables an individual or the group to undertake a retrospective analysis or evaluation of the past experiences or learning in a view to making changes, where necessary. Reflection can be directly linked to learning because it enables an individual or a group of individuals to refer to past experiences, which then enables them to come up with new solutions and ideas to tackle future tasks and problems. According to Rowntree(1988), reflection means studying ones own study methods as seriously as one studies the subject and thinking about a learning task after doing it. He maintains unless this is done, the task will almost certainly be wasted. This report will go on further to analyse and evaluate two critical incidents, which occurred during the group case study of Dyson, and give a conclusion on lessons learned during this reflection. Group formation, development and operating practices. This section highlights the various formation and development processes undergone by our group in other to function efficiently as an effective unit. It explains the different ways in which our group had to identify each others unique personalities and subsequently form and assign group tasks to each member. Using Tuckmans theory Tuckmans model highlights the different stages in team development which is mainly subdivided into forming, storming, norming and performing. Forming : This is the stage in which our group came together and held initial meetings to understand and identify each member. The group was able to appoint a group leader who began to delegate individual tasks and provide general direction and guidance for the group. This is the stage at which our group started to proffer ideas, suggestions and solutions regarding the group task, at this stage some of the group members had a lot of disagreements regarding, some of the suggestions brought forward. Norming At this point the group reaches agreement and consensus regarding the specific roles to be played by every member of the group, at this point the unity in our group was stronger than group initially formed. Performing: At this stage the group was able to function well because each member was able to carry out their assigned task without much interference from the group leader. Using the Belbin Test theory This model describes different team roles of individuals. In our group we had an interesting blend of mostly plant, complete finisher, team workers and resource investigator. Due to the fact that we had about four team workers in the group, we were able to function well by identifying each team role. Critical incident 1 Description of situation: We as a group agreed to meet on a particular day 21-03-2009 to practice and final tune over presentation skills for the Dyson case study. We all agreed to take turns in presentation, so that the best speaker could be identified and selected. When it was time for Nehal, our only female group member she broke down in tears and sobbed for a long period. As a result she could not make her own mock presentation because her emotional state. Analysis of feelings: Nehals emotional break down negatively affected moral of the group because the main presentation day was the following day. We as a group, spent considerable length of time trying to console her and find out the root-cause of her problems. Some group member even felt the group as a whole could be psychologically weighted down on the main presentation day. Evaluation of the experience: We as a group realised that some times it is difficult to keep away some of our private problems from academic life and work. The group also realised the need to consult with other group members whenever a member of group was confronted with certain issues, so that the group member would be excused or not compelled to participate against his/her will. The theory of critical reflection emphasises the need to develop a rationale for practice, enliven the learning environment and so create conditions in which each person is respected, valued and heard (Brookfield 1995) Making sense of the experience: Our group had a good blend of team workers, a plant and a complete finishers using Belbins test. Whereas using the learning style questionnaire, Nehal emerged as an activist, which explains the ease to express her feelings whenever and wherever. What to do if a similar situation reoccurred: Having reflected on these experience, our group has decided that the best way to handle a re occurrence would be to provide all forms of support and encouragement for any distressed group member. The counselling process helps to achieve self understanding and decision making by the counselee, who should be responsible for own actions. (Herr and Cramer; 1992) Critical incident 2: Description of Situation: On the final presentation day group members Abdul and Kashif had a serious disagreement on the final format for the structure of our Dyson project. Kashif had made some of the slides with an inconsistent pattern much was to the disliking Abdul and some other group members. Abdul felt the inconsistent designs could cost the group some marks. Analysis of Feelings: Kashif clearly believed he had done a fantastic job of designing the slides and so would not welcome any designs. Abdul couldnt understand why Kashif was so head strong about making changes to the slides. Although the other group members slightly disagreed with kashif, they all wanted and amicable solution to the problem. Evaluation of Experience: The group eventually realised that the disagreement had a positive effect on the over all performance of the group, because some of the slides were eventually changed and as a result the group scored highest on the day. This is in line with a theory that critical reflection start to occur when individuals question information, ideas or behaviour. (Merriam and Brockett, 1997) Making Sense of the Experience: According to the Belbins test Kashif emerged as a complete finisher which explains why he found it a bit difficult to take the new ideas being given by Abdul who was a team worker, the group interestingly had a plant that came up with great ideas to forge the group ahead. What to do if Situation Reoccurred: The group resolved that in the case of reoccurrence, the lessons from the past experience would enable us to establish a unified approach to group work to alteration and changes. The theory of evaluation relates to the process in which hypothesis leads to observations, which gives ways to empirical generalization and finally ends up as theories. (Wallace 1971) Conclusion This reflection on the experience of our group has enabled the group to know how to avoid certain problems and to solve Unavoidable problems amicably when they arise. This has enabled us to learn the process of solving new problem, based on the experience gathered during past problems. The concept of reflective practice has its origins in the conviction that in the context of professional practice, problems and other complex matters are best dealt with by people who can flexibly and intuitively draw on their knowledge of practice rather than apply rules drawn from formal theory. (Foley, 2000) The capacity to reflect on action in other to engage in a process of continuous learning was one of the defining characteristics of professional practice (Donald Schon 1983)

Project Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Project Risk Management - Essay Example They are present almost everywhere like in business, homes, and government agencies. Government agencies are using digital mediums to improve their governance style like filing of taxes, utility bill payments, pension payment etc. Through the use of e-governance the government is trying to speed up the process and reduce cost at the same time. Because of computers we can now use digital evidence to solve crime and prosecute the offenders at a much faster pace. Many a times the law enforcement agencies and judiciary can’t handle such evidences. There is an ample shortage of judges and attorneys who understand technology. Digital courtrooms refer to use of technology to run the courtrooms so that prosecution or trials can be done at a much faster pace and at considerably low cost. They use electronic evidence which can be effective at implicating the criminal. Electronic evidence refers to the information and data which of investigative value and stored in the electronic medium. With new advancement of technology digital forensic specialist will ensure that the evidence meets the standards. In such trials both the parties need not be present in the courtrooms. They can be connected via internet and use their laptops or other visual mediums to get connected to the digital courtrooms. It reduces the cost to a great extent. Risk Identification To make the judicial system digital, necessary infrastructure needs to be built upon; it means technical platforms are needed to be put in place for the data systems (software, equipment, networks and standard services). The aim should be that the same standard platforms should be able to serve the data systems which will be implemented in the coming years (Kendrick, 2009, p67). The users in the digital courtrooms will now require graphical user interfaces and easy to use systems should be installed. Else it would be difficult for all to comprehend and use the devices (Pmp and Knapp, 2010, p65). One of the most common f orms of digital devices to be used is audio devices. One needs to ask the question whether digital recording is better than human reporting or it may cause more trouble. There can be problems like botched recordings, microphone mishaps etc. can lead to a mistrial in the courtroom (Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), 2005, p67). Also with the introduction of new digital courtrooms the pending cases must be first integrated to the system. It may result in few cases not making it through (Bartlett, 2004, p78). With the era of digital information comes the question of security and reliability. The reliability of the saved digital devices must be ascertained at first (Raftery, 2003, p99). It is not impossible to create a fake digital recording or fake videos to implicate someone. Again the security issue must also be looked at. Making the courtrooms digital implies that all of the data needs to be stored somewhere. With the advent of newer technologies it its becoming increas ingly important to keep the data secured from data theft (Grey,

Public Policy Analysis - SARBANE OXLEY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Public Policy Analysis - SARBANE OXLEY - Essay Example Oxley. Over the years, the act has managed to establish a myriad of deadlines for its compliance. This act was adopted mainly to uplift the standards in corporate governance, analysis of securities and performance of audit work. According to Cohen, Dey & Lys (2007), before the introduction of this policy there were numerous Securities and Exchange Commission violations, gross lack of corporate quality control and ethical behavior in companies resulting in many corporate scandals and filing of criminal actions against corporations, shareholders, company directors, and finally company officers. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act came into effect in the wake of some of the nations enormous financial scandals. The Act is believed to initiate most of the dramatic changes to the federal laws since 1930s. It further prescribes punishment for violators of the Act ranging from prison sentences to multimillion-dollar penalties. The main idea that the editors of this act had in mind was to protect investor s by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws. Over the years, the government of the United States of America has adopted this policy and many security policies have been drafted in reference to this act. SOX applies to all public companies in the United States not excluding international companies that have registered equity or debt securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the accounting firms that provide auditing services to them. According to Bartlett and Richard the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has created new standards for corporate accountability and also new penalties for acts of incompliance. It has changed how corporate boards, executives and corporate auditors interact with each other. In addition, it also removes the common excuse of claiming that one was not aware of a mistake when he or she made it on matters pertaining to finances. This mainly involves the CEOs and CFOs, as it holds them accountable f or the accuracy and errors of financial statements (DMPL). The Act specifies new financial reporting responsibilities and these include adhering to new internal controls and procedures formulated to ensure that financial records are valid. The Act makes it a federal crime to for a company to force or manipulate an auditor into signing off incorrect financial statements thus preventing company directors and officers from obtaining personal benefits from dubious financial statements. Moreover, the Act stipulates that the board of directors in almost all public companies should have an audit committee. The committee is tasked to appoint, regulate, inspect and exercise control over the company’s auditing firm. As result the auditors are to directly report to the audit committee. Rationale for public policy-Market failure This highlights how the concept of market failure applies to ethical corporate governance to give an insight in corporate ethics’ authenticity in the mode rn corporation and the probability of the Sarbanes-Oxley achieving its desired results. When large companies like Enron, WorldCom and Tyco just to name a few were struck with enormous cases of corporate fraud, the necessity to find for an amicable solution was very vital. This is because millions of dollars were embezzled by the CEOs and CFOs through customized balance sheets. Companies incurred considerable loss of profits

A commitment to science and rationality and their application in Essay

A commitment to science and rationality and their application in public policy was a defining characteristic of modernity - Essay Example Positivism was founded upon the belief that society (civilisation) is progressing ever forward, and that the social scientist can study society, provide a more accurate understanding of how society works, and ultimately provide a rational means of overcoming existing social problems and ills by using scientific methods. Social scientists were interested in promoting a positive view of the social order, and in providing positive interventions in social life to make things better. This required systematic study of existing social problems, and the development of a wide range of techniques and strategies to deal with issues relating to schooling, poverty and family life.Under the rubric of positive reform, a wide variety of "experts" - medical, doctors, psychiatrists, health workers, teachers, criminal justice officials and social workers - began to devise "scientific" ways to raise children better, to professionalise parenting, to deal with personal troubles and individual deficiencies , to deal with young offenders and generally to engineer wide scale social reform. The development of positivism was related to efforts to adopt natural science methods and concepts in the study of society. Positivism is based on the idea of a scientific understanding of crime and criminality. It assumes that there is a distinction between the "normal" and the "deviant" and attempts to study the specific factors that give rise to deviant or criminal behaviour. Behaviour is a reflection of certain influences on a person, whether biological, psychological, or social in nature. It is believed that offenders vary: individual differences exist between offenders and these in turn can be measured and classified in some way. The focus of analysis therefore is on the nature and characteristics of the offender, rather than on the criminal act. The positivist approach is directed towards the treatment of offenders. Offending behaviour is analysed in terms of factors or forces beyond the conscious control of the individual. Since each individual offender is different from all others, treatment must be individualised. One strand of scientific research attempted to provide biological explanations for criminal behaviour; the other focused on psychological factors associated with criminality. Biological positivism Biological positivism was first popularised through the work of Lombroso. Borrowing heavily from evolutionary theories, Lombroso attempted to distinguish different types of human individuals, and to classify them on the basis of racial and biological difference. In a form of "criminal anthropology", the argument here was that a general theory of crime can be developed on the basis of measurable physical differences between the criminal and the no criminal. For Lombroso, the criminal was born, not made. The idea of a "born criminal" reflected the notion that crime is the result of something essential to the nature of the individual criminal. The emphasis on biological factors in explanations of crime was reflected in a number of subsequent studies. The study conducted on 355 male inmates of Pentridge